十一:Android Studio和Gradle
最后更新于:2022-04-01 06:42:30
经过两个多月的AS体验,我认为是时候将Android的开发环境迁移到AS上了。目前最新版本是1.0.2(大年30当天升级到1.1.0),除了UI控件拖拽偶尔崩溃的问题(Ubuntu),其他功能用来还是十分流畅和高效。打动我的有如下几个特色:
* 智能感知体验特好,堪比VS
* 布局预览,手写布局后预览页面即时显示,便于布局调整和优化
* 编辑速度飞快流畅,毫无eclipse的卡顿
* 布局或源码中有图标和颜色的预览,十分直观
* 调试时体验极佳
* 集成了Terminal,喜欢命令行操作的伙伴不用额外启动终端了。
总之一句话,就是用起来特别爽!
Android Studio 源于[IntelliJ IDEA](http://blog.csdn.net/lincyang/article/details/www.jetbrains.com/idea/ "IntelliJ IDEA")的社区版,构建工具是[Gradle](http://www.gradle.org/ "Gradle")这个下一代的构建工具,再加上Google为Android定制的一些工具,那么AS必然会成为Android开发工具的经典款。
## Android Studio的安装
Adnroid官网上不去,我们可以到其他[网站下载](http://www.android-studio.org/index.php/88-download/ "AS download")AS,然后再升级到1.0.2。
AS对系统的要求不低,不过我这i7处理器+8G内存还是毫无压力啊。
Windows
~~~
Microsoft® Windows® 8/7/Vista/2003 (32 or 64-bit)
2 GB RAM minimum, 4 GB RAM recommended
400 MB hard disk space
At least 1 GB for Android SDK, emulator system images, and caches
1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution
Java Development Kit (JDK) 7
Optional for accelerated emulator: Intel® processor with support for Intel® VT-x, Intel® EM64T (Intel® 64), and Execute Disable (XD) Bit functionality
~~~
Mac OS X
~~~
Mac® OS X® 10.8.5 or higher, up to 10.9 (Mavericks)
2 GB RAM minimum, 4 GB RAM recommended
400 MB hard disk space
At least 1 GB for Android SDK, emulator system images, and caches
1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 6
Java Development Kit (JDK) 7
Optional for accelerated emulator: Intel® processor with support for Intel® VT-x, Intel® EM64T (Intel® 64), and Execute Disable (XD) Bit functionality
~~~
On Mac OS, run Android Studio with Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 6 for optimized font rendering. You can then configure your project to use Java Development Kit (JDK) 6 or JDK 7.
Linux
~~~
GNOME or KDE desktop
GNU C Library (glibc) 2.11 or later
2 GB RAM minimum, 4 GB RAM recommended
400 MB hard disk space
At least 1 GB for Android SDK, emulator system images, and caches
1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution
Oracle® Java Development Kit (JDK) 7
~~~
下载后将其解压到你指定的路径。我在Ubuntu下工作,就直接将其放到/opt下了。解压后内容如下:
~~~
android-studio3$ ls
bin build.txt gradle Install-Linux-tar.txt lib license LICENSE.txt NOTICE.txt plugins
~~~
值得一说的是,gradle就在这里,一会儿我们可以直接用gradle去做简单的编译工作。首先,我们要执行bin下的studio.sh启动AS,就像Install-Linux-tar.txt中说的,我们可以将这个bin目录放到系统变量中,以后启动AS只需输入studio.sh即可。比如我在.bashrc中添加如下内容:
~~~
export PATH="$PATH:/opt/android-studio3/bin"
export PATH="$PATH:/opt/android-studio3/gradle/gradle-2.2.1/bin"
~~~
首次启动会检测sdk并升级到最新,如果不用代理,这一步我们无法通过,AS就不会启动成功。解决办法就是将自己的Adnroid SDK Manager配好代理到国内的镜像,请参照[《Android实战技巧之九:最新Android开发环境(Eclipse+ADT+Android 5.0) 》](http://blog.csdn.net/lincyang/article/details/42029257 "eclipse adt"),顺利通过升级后,AS会成功启动。后面的事情就简单了,界面清晰明了,就像你用其他IDE一样,上手很快。但是项目结果变化很大(与Eclipse相比),快捷键变化也很大,都要适应一段时间。下载一份[Keymap](https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/docs/IntelliJIDEA_ReferenceCard.pdf "keymap")打印出来,用到了就看看,会很快进入状态。
Tips:
打开项目后修改sdk和jdk路径,设置如下:File –>Other Settings –>Default project Structure
如果你喜欢黑色风格的主题,那么切换到吸血鬼Darcula主题是个不错的选择:File–>Settings–>Appearance–>Theme
## Gradle
项目中有两个build.gradle文件,如下:
~~~
$ find -name build.gradle
./app/build.gradle
./build.gradle
~~~
项目根目录下的build.gradle只做了比较commen的配置,app下的build.gradle是针对此app更细致的配置:
~~~
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {
compileSdkVersion 21
buildToolsVersion "21.1.2"
defaultConfig {
applicationId "com.linc.arrowfall"
minSdkVersion 17
targetSdkVersion 21
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"
}
buildTypes {
release {
minifyEnabled false
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
}
}
}
dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:21.0.3'
}
~~~
Make Project(Ctrl+F9)时,右下角Gradle Console就会打印如下信息:
~~~
Executing tasks: [:app:compileDebugSources]
Configuration on demand is an incubating feature.
:app:preBuild
:app:preDebugBuild
:app:checkDebugManifest
:app:preReleaseBuild
:app:prepareComAndroidSupportAppcompatV72103Library UP-TO-DATE
:app:prepareComAndroidSupportSupportV42103Library UP-TO-DATE
:app:prepareDebugDependencies
:app:compileDebugAidl UP-TO-DATE
:app:compileDebugRenderscript UP-TO-DATE
:app:generateDebugBuildConfig UP-TO-DATE
:app:generateDebugAssets UP-TO-DATE
:app:mergeDebugAssets UP-TO-DATE
:app:generateDebugResValues UP-TO-DATE
:app:generateDebugResources UP-TO-DATE
:app:mergeDebugResources UP-TO-DATE
:app:processDebugManifest UP-TO-DATE
:app:processDebugResources UP-TO-DATE
:app:generateDebugSources UP-TO-DATE
:app:compileDebugJava
:app:compileDebugNdk
:app:compileDebugSources
BUILD SUCCESSFUL
Total time: 10.23 secs
~~~
先放下AS中的Gradle,我们先从Gradle命令行说起。刚刚提到AS中自带的Gradle路径在android-studio3/gradle/gradle-2.2.1/bin下,将其加入到环境变量(如上),这样在如何位置都可以使用gradle工具了。下面来作一下gradle最简单的使用:
~~~
$ gradle -v
------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 2.2.1
------------------------------------------------------------
Build time: 2014-11-24 09:45:35 UTC
Build number: none
Revision: 6fcb59c06f43a4e6b1bcb401f7686a8601a1fb4a
Groovy: 2.3.6
Ant: Apache Ant(TM) version 1.9.3 compiled on December 23 2013
JVM: 1.7.0_71 (Oracle Corporation 24.71-b01)
OS: Linux 3.13.0-45-generic amd64
~~~
gradle是正常工作了,下面来个hello world吧。新建一个build.gradle文件,加入如下代码:
~~~
task helloworld << {
println 'hello world'
}
~~~
这个task只输出一条log,执行如下命令:
~~~
$ gradle -q helloworld
hello world
~~~
参数-q只是打印log,这个task也就是此功能而已。
在此目录下执行gradle –gui,调出图形界面的gradle,看看helloworld的其他信息。
**编译Java程序**
现在尝试编译一个最简单的Java程序,在刚刚的目录下新建目录和文件如下:
~~~
$ mkdir -p src/main/java/com/linc; vim src/main/java/com/linc/HelloWorld.java
~~~
代码内如如下:
~~~
package com.linc;
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("hello, world");
}
}
~~~
build.gradle文件与src目录平级,内如只有一行:
~~~
apply plugin: 'java'
~~~
此时运行**gradle build**:
~~~
$ gradle build
:compileJava
:processResources UP-TO-DATE
:classes
:jar
:assemble
:compileTestJava UP-TO-DATE
:processTestResources UP-TO-DATE
:testClasses UP-TO-DATE
:test UP-TO-DATE
:check UP-TO-DATE
:build
BUILD SUCCESSFUL
Total time: 2.206 secs
~~~
此时的目录结构变为如下所示:
~~~
$ tree -L 6
.
├── build
│ ├── classes
│ │ └── main
│ │ └── com
│ │ └── linc
│ │ └── HelloWorld.class
│ ├── dependency-cache
│ ├── libs
│ │ └── helloworld.jar
│ └── tmp
│ ├── compileJava
│ └── jar
│ └── MANIFEST.MF
├── HelloWorld.java
└── src
└── main
└── java
└── com
└── linc
└── HelloWorld.java
~~~
运行编译好的java程序:
~~~
$ java -cp build/classes/main/ com.linc.HelloWorld
hello, world
~~~
Gradle的初体验就到这里,更复杂的构建任务还在后头。有了AS这个强大的工具,Android开发会变得越来越有乐趣!
* * *
参考:
[http://www.gradle.org/documentation](http://www.gradle.org/documentation)
[http://www.android-studio.org/index.php/88-download/](http://www.android-studio.org/index.php/88-download/)