C 排序算法
最后更新于:2022-03-27 02:29:04
C 排序算法
冒泡排序
冒泡排序(英语:Bubble Sort)是一种简单的排序算法。它重复地走访过要排序的数列,一次比较两个元素,如果他们的顺序(如从大到小、首字母从A到Z)错误就把他们交换过来。
过程演示:
实例
#include <stdio.h>
void bubble_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int i, j, temp;
for (i = 0; i < len – 1; i++)
for (j = 0; j < len – 1 – i; j++)
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
int main() {
int arr[] = { 22, 34, 3, 32, 82, 55, 89, 50, 37, 5, 64, 35, 9, 70 };
int len = (int) sizeof(arr) / sizeof(*arr);
bubble_sort(arr, len);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
return 0;
}
void bubble_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int i, j, temp;
for (i = 0; i < len – 1; i++)
for (j = 0; j < len – 1 – i; j++)
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
int main() {
int arr[] = { 22, 34, 3, 32, 82, 55, 89, 50, 37, 5, 64, 35, 9, 70 };
int len = (int) sizeof(arr) / sizeof(*arr);
bubble_sort(arr, len);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
return 0;
}
选择排序
选择排序(Selection sort)是一种简单直观的排序算法。它的工作原理如下。首先在未排序序列中找到最小(大)元素,存放到排序序列的起始位置,然后,再从剩余未排序元素中继续寻找最小(大)元素,然后放到已排序序列的末尾。以此类推,直到所有元素均排序完毕。
过程演示:
实例
void selection_sort(int a[], int len)
{
int i,j,temp;
{
int min = i; // 记录最小值,第一个元素默认最小
for (j = i + 1; j < len; j++) // 访问未排序的元素
{
if (a[j] < a[min]) // 找到目前最小值
{
min = j; // 记录最小值
}
}
if(min != i)
{
temp=a[min]; // 交换两个变量
a[min]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
}
/* swap(&a[min], &a[i]); */ // 使用自定义函数交換
}
} /*
void swap(int *a,int *b) // 交换两个变量
{
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
*/
{
int i,j,temp;
for (i = 0 ; i < len – 1 ; i++)
{
int min = i; // 记录最小值,第一个元素默认最小
for (j = i + 1; j < len; j++) // 访问未排序的元素
{
if (a[j] < a[min]) // 找到目前最小值
{
min = j; // 记录最小值
}
}
if(min != i)
{
temp=a[min]; // 交换两个变量
a[min]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
}
/* swap(&a[min], &a[i]); */ // 使用自定义函数交換
}
} /*
void swap(int *a,int *b) // 交换两个变量
{
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
*/
插入排序
插入排序(英语:Insertion Sort)是一种简单直观的排序算法。它的工作原理是通过构建有序序列,对于未排序数据,在已排序序列中从后向前扫描,找到相应位置并插入。插入排序在实现上,通常采用in-place排序(即只需用到 {\displaystyle O(1)} {\displaystyle O(1)}的额外空间的排序),因而在从后向前扫描过程中,需要反复把已排序元素逐步向后
挪位,为最新元素提供插入空间。
过程演示:
实例
void insertion_sort(int arr[], int len){
int i,j,temp;
for (i=1;i<len;i++){
temp = arr[i];
for (j=i;j>0 && arr[j–1]>temp;j—)
arr[j] = arr[j–1];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
int i,j,temp;
for (i=1;i<len;i++){
temp = arr[i];
for (j=i;j>0 && arr[j–1]>temp;j—)
arr[j] = arr[j–1];
arr[j] = temp;
}
}
希尔排序
希尔排序,也称递减增量排序算法,是插入排序的一种更高效的改进版本。希尔排序是非稳定排序算法。
希尔排序是基于插入排序的以下两点性质而提出改进方法的:
- 插入排序在对几乎已经排好序的数据操作时,效率高,即可以达到线性排序的效率
- 但插入排序一般来说是低效的,因为插入排序每次只能将数据移动一位
过程演示:
实例
void shell_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int gap, i, j;
int temp;
for (gap = len >> 1; gap > 0; gap = gap >> 1)
for (i = gap; i < len; i++) {
temp = arr[i];
for (j = i – gap; j >= 0 && arr[j] > temp; j -= gap)
arr[j + gap] = arr[j];
arr[j + gap] = temp;
}
}
int gap, i, j;
int temp;
for (gap = len >> 1; gap > 0; gap = gap >> 1)
for (i = gap; i < len; i++) {
temp = arr[i];
for (j = i – gap; j >= 0 && arr[j] > temp; j -= gap)
arr[j + gap] = arr[j];
arr[j + gap] = temp;
}
}
归并排序
把数据分为两段,从两段中逐个选最小的元素移入新数据段的末尾。
可从上到下或从下到上进行。
过程演示:
迭代法
int min(int x, int y) {
return x < y ? x : y;
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int* a = arr;
int* b = (int*) malloc(len * sizeof(int));
int seg, start;
for (seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
for (start = 0; start < len; start += seg + seg) {
int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg + seg, len);
int k = low;
int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
while (start1 < end1)
b[k++] = a[start1++];
while (start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start2++];
}
int* temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
if (a != arr) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
b = a;
}
free(b);
}
return x < y ? x : y;
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], int len) {
int* a = arr;
int* b = (int*) malloc(len * sizeof(int));
int seg, start;
for (seg = 1; seg < len; seg += seg) {
for (start = 0; start < len; start += seg + seg) {
int low = start, mid = min(start + seg, len), high = min(start + seg + seg, len);
int k = low;
int start1 = low, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid, end2 = high;
while (start1 < end1 && start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start1] < a[start2] ? a[start1++] : a[start2++];
while (start1 < end1)
b[k++] = a[start1++];
while (start2 < end2)
b[k++] = a[start2++];
}
int* temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
if (a != arr) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
b = a;
}
free(b);
}
递归法
void merge_sort_recursive(int arr[], int reg[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end)
return;
int len = end – start, mid = (len >> 1) + start;
int start1 = start, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid + 1, end2 = end;
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start1, end1);
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start2, end2);
int k = start;
while (start1 <= end1 && start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start1] < arr[start2] ? arr[start1++] : arr[start2++];
while (start1 <= end1)
reg[k++] = arr[start1++];
while (start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start2++];
for (k = start; k <= end; k++)
arr[k] = reg[k];
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
int reg[len];
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, 0, len – 1);
}
if (start >= end)
return;
int len = end – start, mid = (len >> 1) + start;
int start1 = start, end1 = mid;
int start2 = mid + 1, end2 = end;
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start1, end1);
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, start2, end2);
int k = start;
while (start1 <= end1 && start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start1] < arr[start2] ? arr[start1++] : arr[start2++];
while (start1 <= end1)
reg[k++] = arr[start1++];
while (start2 <= end2)
reg[k++] = arr[start2++];
for (k = start; k <= end; k++)
arr[k] = reg[k];
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
int reg[len];
merge_sort_recursive(arr, reg, 0, len – 1);
}
快速排序
在区间中随机挑选一个元素作基准,将小于基准的元素放在基准之前,大于基准的元素放在基准之后,再分别对小数区与大数区进行排序。
过程演示:
迭代法
typedef struct _Range {
int start, end;
} Range;
Range new_Range(int s, int e) {
Range r;
r.start = s;
r.end = e;
return r;
}
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
if (len <= 0)
return; // 避免len等於負值時引發段錯誤(Segment Fault)
// r[]模擬列表,p為數量,r[p++]為push,r[–p]為pop且取得元素
Range r[len];
int p = 0;
r[p++] = new_Range(0, len – 1);
while (p) {
Range range = r[—p];
if (range.start >= range.end)
continue;
int mid = arr[(range.start + range.end) / 2]; // 選取中間點為基準點
int left = range.start, right = range.end;
do
{
while (arr[left] < mid) ++left; // 檢測基準點左側是否符合要求
while (arr[right] > mid) —right; //檢測基準點右側是否符合要求
{
swap(&arr[left],&arr[right]);
left++;right–; // 移動指針以繼續
}
} while (left <= right);
if (range.end > left) r[p++] = new_Range(left, range.end);
}
}
int start, end;
} Range;
Range new_Range(int s, int e) {
Range r;
r.start = s;
r.end = e;
return r;
}
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], const int len) {
if (len <= 0)
return; // 避免len等於負值時引發段錯誤(Segment Fault)
// r[]模擬列表,p為數量,r[p++]為push,r[–p]為pop且取得元素
Range r[len];
int p = 0;
r[p++] = new_Range(0, len – 1);
while (p) {
Range range = r[—p];
if (range.start >= range.end)
continue;
int mid = arr[(range.start + range.end) / 2]; // 選取中間點為基準點
int left = range.start, right = range.end;
do
{
while (arr[left] < mid) ++left; // 檢測基準點左側是否符合要求
while (arr[right] > mid) —right; //檢測基準點右側是否符合要求
if (left <= right)
{
swap(&arr[left],&arr[right]);
left++;right–; // 移動指針以繼續
}
} while (left <= right);
if (range.start < right) r[p++] = new_Range(range.start, right);
if (range.end > left) r[p++] = new_Range(left, range.end);
}
}
递归法
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort_recursive(int arr[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end)
return;
int mid = arr[end];
int left = start, right = end – 1;
while (left < right) {
while (arr[left] < mid && left < right)
left++;
while (arr[right] >= mid && left < right)
right–;
swap(&arr[left], &arr[right]);
}
if (arr[left] >= arr[end])
swap(&arr[left], &arr[end]);
else
left++;
if (left)
quick_sort_recursive(arr, start, left – 1);
quick_sort_recursive(arr, left + 1, end);
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], int len) {
quick_sort_recursive(arr, 0, len – 1);
}
int t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
void quick_sort_recursive(int arr[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end)
return;
int mid = arr[end];
int left = start, right = end – 1;
while (left < right) {
while (arr[left] < mid && left < right)
left++;
while (arr[right] >= mid && left < right)
right–;
swap(&arr[left], &arr[right]);
}
if (arr[left] >= arr[end])
swap(&arr[left], &arr[end]);
else
left++;
if (left)
quick_sort_recursive(arr, start, left – 1);
quick_sort_recursive(arr, left + 1, end);
}
void quick_sort(int arr[], int len) {
quick_sort_recursive(arr, 0, len – 1);
}