asyncio
最后更新于:2022-04-01 01:16:03
`asyncio`是Python 3.4版本引入的标准库,直接内置了对异步IO的支持。
`asyncio`的编程模型就是一个消息循环。我们从`asyncio`模块中直接获取一个`EventLoop`的引用,然后把需要执行的协程扔到`EventLoop`中执行,就实现了异步IO。
用`asyncio`实现`Hello world`代码如下:
~~~
import asyncio
@asyncio.coroutine
def hello():
print("Hello world!")
# 异步调用asyncio.sleep(1):
r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
print("Hello again!")
# 获取EventLoop:
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# 执行coroutine
loop.run_until_complete(hello())
loop.close()
~~~
`@asyncio.coroutine`把一个generator标记为coroutine类型,然后,我们就把这个`coroutine`扔到`EventLoop`中执行。
`hello()`会首先打印出`Hello world!`,然后,`yield from`语法可以让我们方便地调用另一个`generator`。由于`asyncio.sleep()`也是一个`coroutine`,所以线程不会等待`asyncio.sleep()`,而是直接中断并执行下一个消息循环。当`asyncio.sleep()`返回时,线程就可以从`yield from`拿到返回值(此处是`None`),然后接着执行下一行语句。
把`asyncio.sleep(1)`看成是一个耗时1秒的IO操作,在此期间,主线程并未等待,而是去执行`EventLoop`中其他可以执行的`coroutine`了,因此可以实现并发执行。
我们用Task封装两个`coroutine`试试:
~~~
import threading
import asyncio
@asyncio.coroutine
def hello():
print('Hello world! (%s)' % threading.currentThread())
yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
print('Hello again! (%s)' % threading.currentThread())
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [hello(), hello()]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
loop.close()
~~~
观察执行过程:
~~~
Hello world! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
Hello world! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
(暂停约1秒)
Hello again! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
Hello again! (<_MainThread(MainThread, started 140735195337472)>)
~~~
由打印的当前线程名称可以看出,两个`coroutine`是由同一个线程并发执行的。
如果把`asyncio.sleep()`换成真正的IO操作,则多个`coroutine`就可以由一个线程并发执行。
我们用`asyncio`的异步网络连接来获取sina、sohu和163的网站首页:
~~~
import asyncio
@asyncio.coroutine
def wget(host):
print('wget %s...' % host)
connect = asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)
reader, writer = yield from connect
header = 'GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n' % host
writer.write(header.encode('utf-8'))
yield from writer.drain()
while True:
line = yield from reader.readline()
if line == b'\r\n':
break
print('%s header > %s' % (host, line.decode('utf-8').rstrip()))
# Ignore the body, close the socket
writer.close()
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [wget(host) for host in ['www.sina.com.cn', 'www.sohu.com', 'www.163.com']]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
loop.close()
~~~
执行结果如下:
~~~
wget www.sohu.com...
wget www.sina.com.cn...
wget www.163.com...
(等待一段时间)
(打印出sohu的header)
www.sohu.com header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
www.sohu.com header > Content-Type: text/html
...
(打印出sina的header)
www.sina.com.cn header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
www.sina.com.cn header > Date: Wed, 20 May 2015 04:56:33 GMT
...
(打印出163的header)
www.163.com header > HTTP/1.0 302 Moved Temporarily
www.163.com header > Server: Cdn Cache Server V2.0
...
~~~
可见3个连接由一个线程通过`coroutine`并发完成。
### 小结
`asyncio`提供了完善的异步IO支持;
异步操作需要在`coroutine`中通过`yield from`完成;
多个`coroutine`可以封装成一组Task然后并发执行。
### 参考源码
[async_hello.py](https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python3/blob/master/samples/async/async_hello.py)
[async_wget.py](https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python3/blob/master/samples/async/async_wget.py)