练习45:一个简单的TCP/IP客户端
最后更新于:2022-04-01 23:29:40
# 练习45:一个简单的TCP/IP客户端
> 原文:[Exercise 45: A Simple TCP/IP Client](http://c.learncodethehardway.org/book/ex45.html)
> 译者:[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel)
我打算使用`RingBuffer`来创建一个非常简单的小型网络测试工具,叫做`netclient`。为此我需要向`Makefile`添加一些工具,来处理`bin/`目录下的小程序。
## 扩展Makefile
首先,为程序添加一些变量,就像单元测试的`TESTS`和`TEST_SRC`变量:
```Makefile
PROGRAMS_SRC=$(wildcard bin/*.c)
PROGRAMS=$(patsubst %.c,%,$(PROGRAMS_SRC))
```
之后你可能想要添加`PROGRAMS`到所有目标中:
```makefile
all: $(TARGET) $(SO_TARGET) tests $(PROGRAMS)
```
之后在`clean`目标中向`rm`那一行添加`PROGRAMS`:
```makefile
rm -rf build $(OBJECTS) $(TESTS) $(PROGRAMS)
```
最后你还需要在最后添加一个目标来构建它们:
```makefile
$(PROGRAMS): CFLAGS += $(TARGET)
```
做了这些修改你就能够将`.c`文件扔到`bin`中,并且编译它们以及为其链接库文件,就像测试那样。
## netclient 代码
netclient的代码是这样的:
```c
#undef NDEBUG
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
struct tagbstring NL = bsStatic("\n");
struct tagbstring CRLF = bsStatic("\r\n");
int nonblock(int fd) {
int flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0);
check(flags >= 0, "Invalid flags on nonblock.");
int rc = fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK);
check(rc == 0, "Can't set nonblocking.");
return 0;
error:
return -1;
}
int client_connect(char *host, char *port)
{
int rc = 0;
struct addrinfo *addr = NULL;
rc = getaddrinfo(host, port, NULL, &addr);
check(rc == 0, "Failed to lookup %s:%s", host, port);
int sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
check(sock >= 0, "Cannot create a socket.");
rc = connect(sock, addr->ai_addr, addr->ai_addrlen);
check(rc == 0, "Connect failed.");
rc = nonblock(sock);
check(rc == 0, "Can't set nonblocking.");
freeaddrinfo(addr);
return sock;
error:
freeaddrinfo(addr);
return -1;
}
int read_some(RingBuffer *buffer, int fd, int is_socket)
{
int rc = 0;
if(RingBuffer_available_data(buffer) == 0) {
buffer->start = buffer->end = 0;
}
if(is_socket) {
rc = recv(fd, RingBuffer_starts_at(buffer), RingBuffer_available_space(buffer), 0);
} else {
rc = read(fd, RingBuffer_starts_at(buffer), RingBuffer_available_space(buffer));
}
check(rc >= 0, "Failed to read from fd: %d", fd);
RingBuffer_commit_write(buffer, rc);
return rc;
error:
return -1;
}
int write_some(RingBuffer *buffer, int fd, int is_socket)
{
int rc = 0;
bstring data = RingBuffer_get_all(buffer);
check(data != NULL, "Failed to get from the buffer.");
check(bfindreplace(data, &NL, &CRLF, 0) == BSTR_OK, "Failed to replace NL.");
if(is_socket) {
rc = send(fd, bdata(data), blength(data), 0);
} else {
rc = write(fd, bdata(data), blength(data));
}
check(rc == blength(data), "Failed to write everything to fd: %d.", fd);
bdestroy(data);
return rc;
error:
return -1;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
fd_set allreads;
fd_set readmask;
int socket = 0;
int rc = 0;
RingBuffer *in_rb = RingBuffer_create(1024 * 10);
RingBuffer *sock_rb = RingBuffer_create(1024 * 10);
check(argc == 3, "USAGE: netclient host port");
socket = client_connect(argv[1], argv[2]);
check(socket >= 0, "connect to %s:%s failed.", argv[1], argv[2]);
FD_ZERO(&allreads);
FD_SET(socket, &allreads);
FD_SET(0, &allreads);
while(1) {
readmask = allreads;
rc = select(socket + 1, &readmask, NULL, NULL, NULL);
check(rc >= 0, "select failed.");
if(FD_ISSET(0, &readmask)) {
rc = read_some(in_rb, 0, 0);
check_debug(rc != -1, "Failed to read from stdin.");
}
if(FD_ISSET(socket, &readmask)) {
rc = read_some(sock_rb, socket, 0);
check_debug(rc != -1, "Failed to read from socket.");
}
while(!RingBuffer_empty(sock_rb)) {
rc = write_some(sock_rb, 1, 0);
check_debug(rc != -1, "Failed to write to stdout.");
}
while(!RingBuffer_empty(in_rb)) {
rc = write_some(in_rb, socket, 1);
check_debug(rc != -1, "Failed to write to socket.");
}
}
return 0;
error:
return -1;
}
```
代码中使用了`select`来处理`stdin`(文件描述符0)和用于和服务器交互的`socket`中的事件。它使用了`RingBuffer`来储存和复制数据,并且你可以认为`read_some`和`write_some`函数都是`RingBuffer`中相似函数的原型。
在这一小段代码中,可能有一些你并不知道的网络函数。当你碰到不知道的函数时,在手册页上查询它来确保你理解了它。这一小段代码可能需要让你研究用于小型服务器编程的所有C语言API。
## 你会看到什么
如果你完成了所有构建,测试的最快方式就是看看你能否从learncodethehardway.org上得到一个特殊的文件:
```sh
$
$ ./bin/netclient learncodethehardway.org 80
GET /ex45.txt HTTP/1.1
Host: learncodethehardway.org
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 27 Apr 2012 00:41:25 GMT
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Length: 41
Last-Modified: Fri, 27 Apr 2012 00:42:11 GMT
ETag: 4f99eb63-29
Server: Mongrel2/1.7.5
Learn C The Hard Way, Exercise 45 works.
^C
$
```
这里我所做的事情是键入创建`/ex45.txt`的HTTP请求所需的语法,在`Host:`请求航之后,按下ENTER键来输入空行。接着我获取相应,包括响应头和内容。最后我按下CTRL-C来退出。
## 如何使它崩溃
这段代码肯定含有bug,但是当前在本书的草稿中,我会继续完成它。与此同时,尝试分析代码,并且用其它服务器来击溃它。一种叫做`netcat`的工具可以用于建立这种服务器。另一种方法就是使用`Python`或`Ruby`之类的语言创建一个简单的“垃圾服务器”,来产生垃圾数据,随机关闭连接,或者其它异常行为。
如果你找到了bug,在评论中报告它们,我会修复它。
## 附加题
+ 像我提到的那样,这里面有一些你不知道的函数,去查询他们。实际上,即使你知道它们也要查询。
+ 在`valgrind`下运行它来寻找错误。
+ 为函数添加各种防御性编程检查,来改进它们。
+ 使用`getopt`函数,运行用户提供选项来防止将`\n`转换为`\r\n`。这仅仅用于需要处理行尾的协议例如HTTP。有时你可能不想执行转换,所以要给用户一个选择。
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