建立灵活动态的UI
最后更新于:2022-04-01 01:37:37
> 编写:[fastcome1985](https://github.com/fastcome1985) - 原文:[http://developer.android.com/training/basics/fragments/fragment-ui.html](http://developer.android.com/training/basics/fragments/fragment-ui.html)
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如果我们的APP设计成要支持范围广泛的屏幕尺寸时,在可利用的屏幕空间内,我们可以通过在不同的布局配置中重用fragment来优化用户体验。
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比如,一个手持设备可能适合一次只有一个fragment的单面板用户交互。而在更大屏幕尺寸的平板电脑上,我们可能更想要两个fragment并排在一起,用来向用户展示更多信息。
![fragments-screen-mock](https://docs.gechiui.com/gc-content/uploads/sites/kancloud/2015-07-28_55b72470246ac.png)
**图1:**两个fragments,在同一个[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")不同屏幕尺寸中用不同的配置来展示。在大屏幕上,两个fragment被并排放置,在手持设备上,一次只放置一个fragment,所以在用户导航中,两个fragment必须进行替换。
- [FragmentManager](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentManager.html)类为在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")运行时对fragment进行添加,移除,替换等操作提供了方法,来实现动态的用户体验。
### 在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")运行时添加fragment
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比起用`<fragment>`标签在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的布局文件中定义fragment,就像[上节课](#)说的,我们还可以在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")运行时动态添加fragment,如果打算在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的生命周期内替换fragment,这是必须的。
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为了执行fragment的增加或者移除操作,必须通过 [FragmentManager](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentManager.html) 创建一个[FragmentTransaction](http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-cn/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html)对象, FragmentTransaction提供了用来增加、移除、替换以及其它一些操作的APIs。
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如果我们的[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")允许fragment移除或者替换,我们应该在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的[onCreate()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity.html#onCreate(android.os.Bundle))方法中添加初始化fragment(s).
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运用fragment(尤其是那些在运行时添加的)的一个很重要的规则就是在布局中必须有一个容器[View](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.html),fragment的layout将会放在这个view里面。
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下面的这个布局是[上节课](#)的一次只显示一个fragment的布局的替代布局。为了从一个布局替 ctivity的布局包含了一个空的 [FrameLayout](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/FrameLayout.html)作为fragment的容器。
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注意文件名与上节课的布局一样,但是文件目录没有`large`标识, 所以这一布局将会在比large小的屏幕上被使用,因为该屏幕无法满足同时放置两个fragments
res/layout/news_articles.xml:
~~~
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/fragment_container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
~~~
- 在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")中,用Support Library APIs调用 [getSupportFragmentManager()](http://developer.android.com/intl/zh-cn/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentActivity.html#getSupportFragmentManager%28%29)方法获取[FragmentManager](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentManager.html) 对象,然后调用 [beginTransaction()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentManager.html#beginTransaction()) 方法创建一个[FragmentTransaction](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html)对象,然后调用[add()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#add(android.support.v4.app.Fragment,%20java.lang.String))方法添加一个fragment.
- 可以使用同一个 [FragmentTransaction](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html)进行多次fragment事务。完成这些变化操作,准备开始执行改变时,必须调用[commit()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#commit())方法。
下例显示了如何添加一个fragment到之前的layout中
~~~
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity;
public class MainActivity extends FragmentActivity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.news_articles);
// Check that the activity is using the layout version with
// the fragment_container FrameLayout
if (findViewById(R.id.fragment_container) != null) {
// However, if we're being restored from a previous state,
// then we don't need to do anything and should return or else
// we could end up with overlapping fragments.
if (savedInstanceState != null) {
return;
}
// Create a new Fragment to be placed in the activity layout
HeadlinesFragment firstFragment = new HeadlinesFragment();
// In case this activity was started with special instructions from an
// Intent, pass the Intent's extras to the fragment as arguments
firstFragment.setArguments(getIntent().getExtras());
// Add the fragment to the 'fragment_container' FrameLayout
getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
.add(R.id.fragment_container, firstFragment).commit();
}
}
}
~~~
- 因为fragment是在[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")运行时被添加进来时(不是在XML布局中用`<fragment>`定义的),[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") 可以移除这个fragment或者用另外一个来替换它。
### 替换Fragment
- 替换fragment的过程类似于添加过程,只需要将[add()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#add(android.support.v4.app.Fragment,%20java.lang.String))方法替换为 [replace()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#replace(int,%20android.support.v4.app.Fragment))方法。
- 记住在执行fragment事务时,如移除或者替换,我们经常要适当地让用户可以向后导航与"撤销"这次改变。为了让用户向后导航fragment事务,我们必须在[FragmentTransaction](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html)提交前调用[addToBackStack()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#addToBackStack(java.lang.String))方法。
> **Note:**当移除或者替换一个fragment并把它放入返回栈中时,被移除的fragment的生命周期是stopped(不是destoryed).当用户返回重新恢复这个fragment,它的生命周期是restarts。如果没有把fragment放入返回栈中,那么当它被移除或者替换时,其生命周期是destoryed。
- 下面是一个fragment替换的例子
~~~
// Create fragment and give it an argument specifying the article it should show
ArticleFragment newFragment = new ArticleFragment();
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putInt(ArticleFragment.ARG_POSITION, position);
newFragment.setArguments(args);
FragmentTransaction transaction = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction();
// Replace whatever is in the fragment_container view with this fragment,
// and add the transaction to the back stack so the user can navigate back
transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, newFragment);
transaction.addToBackStack(null);
// Commit the transaction
transaction.commit();
~~~
- [addToBackStack()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentTransaction.html#addToBackStack(java.lang.String))方法提供了一个可选的String参数为事务指定了一个唯一的名字。除非打算用[FragmentManager.BackStackEntry](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/app/FragmentManager.BackStackEntry.html) APIs来进行一些高级的fragments操作,这个名字不是必须的。