创建功能测试
最后更新于：2022-04-01 01:47:47
> 编写:[huanglizhuo](https://github.com/huanglizhuo) - 原文:[http://developer.android.com/training/](http://developer.android.com/training/activity-testing/activity-functional-testing.html)[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")-testing/[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")-functional-testing.html
功能测试包括验证单个应用中的各个组件是否与使用者期望的那样（与其它组件）协同工作。比如，我们可以创建一个功能测试验证在用户执行UI交互时[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")是否正确启动目标[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。
要为[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")创建功能测，我们的测试类应该对[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)进行扩展。与[ActivityUnitTestCase](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityUnitTestCase.html)不同，[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)中的测试可以与Android系统通信，发送键盘输入及点击事件到UI中。
要了解一个完整的测试例子可以参考示例应用中的`SenderActivityTest.java`。
### 添加测试方法验证函数的行为
我们的函数测试目标应该包括:
- 验证UI控制是否正确启动了目标[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。
- 验证目标[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的表现是否按照发送[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")提供的数据呈现。
我们可以这样实现测试方法:
~~~
@MediumTest
public void testSendMessageToReceiverActivity() {
final Button sendToReceiverButton = (Button)
mSenderActivity.findViewById(R.id.send_message_button);
final EditText senderMessageEditText = (EditText)
mSenderActivity.findViewById(R.id.message_input_edit_text);
// Set up an ActivityMonitor
...
// Send string input value
...
// Validate that ReceiverActivity is started
...
// Validate that ReceiverActivity has the correct data
...
// Remove the ActivityMonitor
...
}
~~~
测试会等待匹配的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")启动，如果超时则会返回null。如果ReceiverActivity启动了，那么先前配置的[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)就会收到一次碰撞（Hit）。我们可以使用断言方法验证ReceiverActivity是否的确启动了，以及[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)记录的碰撞次数是否按照预想地那样增加。
### 设立一个ActivityMonitor
为了在应用中监视单个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")我们可以注册一个[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)。每当一个符合要求的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")启动时，系统会通知[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)，进而更新碰撞数目。
通常来说要使用[ActivityMoniter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)，我们可以这样：
1. 使用[getInstrumentation()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/InstrumentationTestCase.html#getInstrumentation())方法为测试用例实现[Instrumentation](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html)。
1. 使用[Instrumentation](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html)的一种addMonitor()方法为当前instrumentation添加一个[Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.ActivityMonitor.html)实例。匹配规则可以通过[IntentFilter](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/IntentFilter.html)或者类名字符串。
1. 等待开启一个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。
1. 验证监视器撞击次数的增加。
1. 移除监视器。
下面是一个例子:
~~~
// Set up an ActivityMonitor
ActivityMonitor receiverActivityMonitor =
getInstrumentation().addMonitor(ReceiverActivity.class.getName(),
null, false);
// Validate that ReceiverActivity is started
TouchUtils.clickView(this, sendToReceiverButton);
ReceiverActivity receiverActivity = (ReceiverActivity)
receiverActivityMonitor.waitForActivityWithTimeout(TIMEOUT_IN_MS);
assertNotNull("ReceiverActivity is null", receiverActivity);
assertEquals("Monitor for ReceiverActivity has not been called",
1, receiverActivityMonitor.getHits());
assertEquals("Activity is of wrong type",
ReceiverActivity.class, receiverActivity.getClass());
// Remove the ActivityMonitor
getInstrumentation().removeMonitor(receiverActivityMonitor);
~~~
### 使用Instrumentation发送一个键盘输入
如果[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")有一个[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)，我们可以测试用户是否可以给[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)对象输入数值。
通常在[ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/test/ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2.html)中给[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)对象发送串字符，我们可以这样做：
1. 使用[runOnMainSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#runOnMainSync(java.lang.Runnable))方法在一个循环中同步地调用[requestFocus()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.html#requestFocus())。这样，我们的UI线程就会在获得焦点前一直被阻塞。
1. 调用[waitForIdleSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#waitForIdleSync())方法等待主线程空闲（也就是说,没有更多事件需要处理）。
1. 调用[sendStringSync()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Instrumentation.html#sendStringSync(java.lang.String))方法给[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)对象发送一个我们输入的字符串。
比如:
~~~
// Send string input value
getInstrumentation().runOnMainSync(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
senderMessageEditText.requestFocus();
}
});
getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync();
getInstrumentation().sendStringSync("Hello Android!");
getInstrumentation().waitForIdleSync();
~~~
本节例子[AndroidTestingFun.zip](http://developer.android.com/shareables/training/AndroidTestingFun.zip)